Ryanair Business Strategy: Internal and External Analysis

Ryanair Business system inner(a) and External adumbrateRyanairCase Analysis Report institutionRyanair, established in 1985, is considered the main instigators of the economic crisis hail airline machineriers, creating a new niche in a grocery store previously reign by former national airlines such as BA. The follow has swelled to a position where in 2005 it has 15 bases and 150 aircraft operating end-to-end europium, carrying thirty million passengers (see depend 1), with a five year direct to emergence this to seventy million (Ryanair 2007).This position has been carry throughd by creating a no-frills(prenominal) approach on price (Pettigrew et al 2002), which gave it a competitive expediency everywhere the established airlines (Porter 2004, p.207 and Kotler et al 2004, p.407), although attempts to extend this to include charging for ice utilize in in-flight drinks (Creaton 2004, p.169) was rescinded after customer complaints.The objective of the line of work i s to become Europes leading low- embody airline and branch for customer service, the last mentivirtuosod position which was first reached in 2002 allowing to independent sources (see appendix A, invention 3). Similarly, the company in like manner seeks to prevail order egression for sh areholders.External AnalysisLiberalisation of the airline industry in the 1970s opened up the industry to new entrants and a new rail line model. Being iodin of the first movers in this new sector (Faulkner and Campbell 2006) Ryanair has taken avail of the access opportunities offered by creating a low Cost model based on the successful Southwest Airline (2007) scheme. This move has been partially responsible for increase in passenger numbers victimisation UK airports in the last terzetto decades (see table 1), with expectations of a threefold increase by 2030.Table 1 Airline passengersYearPassengers (m)1980501990902000180With former easterly bloc countries converting from communistic to democratic political structures this festering is set to continue, providing the headache with further opportunities (see appendix A, date 4). Many of these former Baltic States develop now joined the EU, which also provides Ryanair with the opportunity of expanding its destination ne bothrk.However, the industry growth has also seen new competitors calculate this niche grocery store, including EasyJet, BMI, Virgin express and Aer Lingus. To maintain its competitive advantage the two major players cede sought to unify their position by strategical acquirements. In this stadium Ryanair, with its successful acquisition and integration of the Buzz lo- monetary value carrier, has been more successful that EasyJets experience when acquiring Go. Although the major airlines such as BA prevail responded to threats from Ryanair, to date these discombobulate non proved successful.The creation of this niche industry sector has also led to signifi send wordt changes in the consu mers perception (OConnell, J., and G. Williams 2005). Demands for cheaper fares has increased as prices have fallen, and the consumer perception and lifestyle has changed with regard to types of holidays has expanded rapidly, with weekend breaks and in one case unknown destinations increasing in popularity.Ryanair has also made full lend oneself of the advances in technology and digital processes inside its low- speak to air model. It was one of the first low-cost airlines to recognise the changes in the consumer buying habits resulting from these scientific advances, using this diffusion to improve its services, encourage further consumer change and continue cost decline advantages (Johnson et al 2007, p.481). Evidence of this can be found in the business move to paperless tickets, with more books organism made through the meshing and, more recently, a move towards automated bookingin procedures at the airport, trim back the film for involution of human resources to meet demand increase. At the same time, this technology intent also helps Ryanair to maintain one of its find corporate objectives, which is to return success and value to the shareholders.There are two former(a) external factors that restore upon the business and affect the de boundination of dodge. The first is purlieual issues., which includes the concerns expressed by consumers and governments relating to the impact that air run short growth has upon the local anesthetic communities and infrastructure and the second is the natural milieu, where businesses are now requisite to consider the impact that their operations have upon issues such as temper change.The second issue is in the increase of legislation, particularly from the EU. In this keep Ryanair operations have to comply with regulations in price of fair controversy, which affects mergers and acquisitions and unsporting practices, and targets set by the EU in relation to emission reductions essential to address cl imate change.PL1Internal AnalysisAs Lynch (2006) and Faulkner and Campbell (2005) utter within their respective researches, for organisations such as Ryanair, who have targeted their scheme at a low-price product, it is imperative that, to maintain competitive advantage, who submitted that to master and maintain low price in the market place, the business itself had to be structured in a way that provided a limited cost base throughout all aspects of the business, in order to keep a profitable result.Porter (2004) suggests that this cost reduction process has to be communicated throughout the value chain (see appendix B, figure 6). Michael OLeary, and the Ryanair management team up have strived to achieve this position through a number of measures. engagement of resourcesRyanair makes good use of its resources. For example, all of the aircraft are of one design, the Boeing 737-800 series. This has several positives. Firstly, the company receives a discount from Boeing. Secondly , It reduces costs in terms of maintenance and training. In the latter case, unlike EasyJet, which has to train pilot and cabin crew to escape on a number of different aircraft designs, Ryanairs staff single have to familiarise themselves with the one.Similarly, the turnaround of aircraft at destinations is quick and efficient, thus reduction unit cost.Human resourcespatronage the number of routes operated and the logistical problems of running a business of the magnitude of Ryanair, the company operates with a minimalist attitude towards organise office, admin, aircraft and maintenance crews and administration staff. At the end of the 2005 financial year the business diligent around 2,800 personnel, a figure which has changed very little over a five-year period.All of the Ryanair employees are expected to multitask. For example, cabin crew are required to clean cabins and remove rubbish between flights.TechnologyAs mentioned earlier, Ryanair computerises as many services as po ssible. With Internet booking, paperless tickets, automated booking-in processes and many former(a) parts of the operations being streamlined in this manner, this ensures that doing and some opposite costs remain low.DestinationsAnother imp0ortant aspect of the Ryanair cost reduction scheme is the concentration of its destinations into subsidiary rather than primary airports. Landing fees and other charges at these airports is substantially lower than the main airports and, even with the sweetners paid by Ryanair, the unit costs per passenger of flight into these destinations remains cheaper.Travel data formattingFinally, the product itself has been simplified. There is only one class on a Ryanair flight and no pre-booking of seats. Furthermore, virtually everything but the seat costs. This includes drinks, meals and the other sell products available on board, with even free levels of baggage is limited.The success of this strategy can be evidenced when comparing the met profi t margin of Ryanair with other carriers. The following data, taken from the various organisations websites and financial statements army the differnce (see table 2 below) Table 2 Net profit percentages partyPercentageRyanair17.81%EasyJet7.98%British Airways7.28%Diagnosis of current challengesHowever, like all businesses, Ryanair is not immune from challenges as it moves into the futurity. From the analysis of the business operations it is apparent that these challenges and threats leave alone come from five main areas (appendix A, figure 4).CompetitionAs mentioned earlier, with the appear democracies within Europe, together with the localityal and global harmonisation of competition rules, Ryanair is plausibly to find increased competition developing from these areas within the next hardly a(prenominal) years to a decade. With the increased market place and, as can be seen from the share of the market that low cost airlines have (see figure 2), thither is ample scope for new competition.The discussions about the open skies understanding between the EU and US (Milmo and Gow 2007), if these come to fruition, go away also drive a threat as it creates a potential for US airlines to enter the industry sector. These actions could adversely affect the business continued financial success.integration and growthThere has already been some consolidation within the sector. It is likely that this will continue for the foreseeable future, and this could pose a threat to Ryanairs dominant position. Furthermore, the corporations own growth pattern could impact negatively upon profitability. Despite growth attracting economies of scale, it can involve additional costs that threaten power (Creaton 2004, p.250).Political interventionThere are three main aspects of political intervention that are like to affect Ryanair in respect of its future development within Europe. The first of these relates to the EUs competition laws, which is an area where Ryanair has come int o conflict with the commissioners in terms of remunerations being made to secondary airports and other similar issues (BBC News 2004). The second is the threat by the EU to reduce or eliminate the subsidies given to the sector, worth an estimated 6 cardinal annually (Bized 2004). This includes stem, this VAT, Landing and Fuel tax benefits. The removal of these benefits will have a significant impact upon profitability. The three issue is the EU purport to force budget airlines to pay compensation for cancellations, which is not done at present. environsal issuesOne of the major issues is the environment. Following the EU adoption of the IPCC1 report recommendations, focus has been concentrated upon setting emissions targets for airline industry player, with stringent targets being set (see table 3).Future strategic optionsAll researches promote the need for corporations to ensure corporate strategy addresses future challenges (Lynch (2006) and Faulkner and Campbell (2006)). In Ryanairs case, it is suggested there are three strategic options that could be adopted (see appendix C, figure 7).Low price low added valueThe aim of this strategy is to achieve the lowest price by a process of continually cut the additional elements that attach to the service. For example, in terms of the budget airlines, from the consumers viewpoint this has meant reducing the facilities offered in-flight, such as changes to the quality of seating, increasing the seating capacity on the aircraft and reducing choice of services that involve human resources, such as hot meals, snacks and drinks. For the business is requires a continual drive to continue cost reduction throughout the value chain.Low priceThe intention of the low price strategy per se it to achieve reduction in the cost of fares, whilst retaining the consumers perception of the value of the product. To implement this strategy means that the business will need to seek cost reductions in areas other than those that di rectly impact upon the quality of the in-=flight service provided. This could be achieved by the further use of technology to automate in additional areas of the operational processes.Focused noteA strategy if focused preeminence is intended to set the business product apart from that of its competitors. Price can be used in the differentiation process, but in this case it needs to be inclusive with other elements that make the product unique.Evaluation of strategic optionsFollowing an rating of these strategic options, using the criteria recommended by Rumselt (see appendix D, figure 8), the following is an outline of the results that this produced.Option 1 Low price love value addedThis strategic option is consistence with the policy that Ryanair has followed in the past and is in award with the previous intentions of the business strategy, which has been to reduce price at the cost of services, in other words achieving a no frills situation. However, it would seem that Ryan air would find it hard-fought to further reduce the level of service provided to its customers and it is unlikely that this approach would reassure its market position.Option 2 Low priceLow price, as with option one, is in line with the business existing strategy. However, from the analysis of the interior(a) situation at Ryanair, it would seem that there are limited options in terms of reducing existing resources, particularly if the business wishes to maintained a sustained growth programme and market share.Furthermore, it is not in accord with external trends, which indicates that consumers are becoming more discerning and the political field of force more concerned with the consumers rights and environmental costs.Option 3 Focused differentiationFocused differential, which could still include low price, would also be reconciled with the Ryanair strategy. The differential of low price, no frills has been the core differential upon which the business has promoted itself pre viously. However, with other competitors entering the market place, that differential needs to be extended to other areas.In summary therefore, it is felt that the focused differentiation option would be most appropriate for the business future and will assist it to retain and improve its competitive advantage.Overview of selected strategyThe core elements of the proposed focused differentiation strategy being proposed will be threefold. emancipate flightsAn aggressive strategy aimed at achieving free flights to be pursued. This can be achieved by seeking third party turnover to replace the ticket cost. For example, the business could introduce sponsoring, where travel and venue destinations, such as holiday locations, theme parks and local tourist boards pay for flights. Similarly, in-flight facilities could be introduced, such as Internet shopping, sport and pay to view telephone. Furthermore, other services such as car rental and insurances could be used to cover the lost ticket revenue. desegregationThe business should be looking to make acquisitions, particularly with organisations within the east European countries that have recently joined the EU. This enables the business to achieve market growth and maintain its dominant position. It also reduces the future competition.Aircraft fleet waver replacement is an area that Ryanair has concentrated upon in the past. In the future, in addition to discounts, this should be linked to conditions that ensure the fleet includes the latest environmentally warm specifications, with aircraft being regularly upgraded as part of the purchase options.Implementation intentTo enable the selected strategy to be implemented, several courses of action need to be undertaken.Short termMoves towards a free-flight position can be commenced within the immediate future, with the management and marketing departments of Ryanair discussing this concept with potential sponsor from the commercial leisure world, as well as tourism b oards within the region and in specific destinations.Medium TermIn the medium term two actions required for the strategy can be undertaken. The first of these is the delaying refits that will be required to aircraft to include the various new technological facilities that have been recommended. The second action would be to assess the potential market players to ascertain which, if any, would provide the business with a strategic fit for expansion of its market reach within the region.Long termContracts with Boeing need to be re-negotiated to ensure that environment related conditions are included as an inhering part of the purchase process for replacement aircraft.ConclusionThere is no doubt that Ryanair faces a number of key challenges in the future. To ensure that the business can successfully deal with the changes these challenges present, it is important that the future strategy is sufficiently robust to be able ensure that the business retains its competitive advantage and p rofitability levels. The aggressive strategies recommended within this analysis study are intentional to achieve this objective. The Free-flight with added services, albeit being paid for, will maintain the unique and place service that the Ryanair brand has become known for.BibliographyBBC News (2004). Ryanair faces new payment probe. Retrieved 17 May 2007 from http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3458423.stmBized (2004). Low loyal Fares An End to Cheap, No Frills? Retrieved 27 July 2007 from http//www.bized.co.uk/current/leisure/2003_4/010304.htmBrassington Frances and Pettitt, Stephen (2006). Principles of Marketing, 4th edition, Pearson commandment Ltd. London, UKChannel 4 News (2007). If you care about the environment, you should fly Easyjet. actually? Retrieved 16 May 2007 from http//www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/environment/factcheck+how+green+is+easyjet/509642Creaton, Siobhan (2004). Ryanair How a Small Irish Airline Conquered Europe. Aurum Press Ltd. London, UK. De Groote, P.D (2005). The Success Story of European Low-Cost Carriers in a Changing Airworld. GaWC Research Bulletin 174. Retrieved 27 July 2007 from http//www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb174.htmlDoganis, Rigas (2000). The Airline Business in the 21st Century. Routledge. London, UK.Faulkner, David and Campbell, Andrew (2006). The Oxford Book of dodge A Strategy Overview and Competitive Strategy. New ed. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK.Haslam, Chris and Ungoed-Thomas, Jon (2007). Ryanair denies baggage scam. The Times. London, UK.Johnson, Gerry., Scholes, Kevan and Whittington, Richard (2007). Exploring incorporated Strategy. FT Prentice Hall, Harlow, UK.Kotler, Philip. Wong, Veronica., Saunders John A and Armstrong, Gary (2004). Principles of Marketing, 4th European edition, Pearson rearing Ltd. London, UK.OConnell, J., and G. Williams (2005). Passengers Perceptions of Low Cost Airlines and Full Service Carriers. Journal of Air guide Management, 11 259-272.Porter, Michael E (2004) . Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors. The Free Press. New ed. The Free Press. New York, US.Press association (2007). Budget airline offers low cost New York flights. Retrieved 17 May 2007 from http//www.which.co.uk/reports_and_campaigns/travel_and_leisure/reports/holiday_advice/Flights/zoom_flights_news_article_557_112479.jspReport (2007). The Environmental Effects of cultured Aircraft in Flight. Royal Commission of Environmental Pollution. Retrieved 29 July 2007 from http//www.rcep.org.uk/avreport.htmRyanair (2007). About us. Retrieved 14 May 2007 from http//www.ryanair.comSouthwest Airlines (2007). About SWA. Retrieved 28 July 2007 from http//www.southwest.com/about_swa/airborne.htmlStragler, Joos (1999). Current issues arising with airline alliances. Retrieved 17 May 2007 from http//ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/speeches/text/sp1999678_en.html appurtenance A external environmentFigure 4 Pestel analysisPoliticalAirline liberalisation mention of democracy in EUOpen skies policyEconomicInternal financial performanceDisposable incomeAbolishing of international tariffsCompetitionAcquisition heartyConsumer attitudesBrand imageLifestyle and travel changesTechnologicalAutomatic booking in systemsOnline activitychange in consumer buying habitsEnvironmentInvestor added valueEU and international environment concernsLegal issuesEuropean legislationEnvironment regulationsCompetition rulesFigure 5 Opportunities and ThreatsOpportunitiesThreatsGrowth of networkIncreased competitionGrowth of passenger numbersIndustry consolidationMaintenance of cost reductionsPolitical interventionContinuing price reductions (free?)Environmental issuesExpand cooperation between Low cost carriersFurther acquisitionsAppendix B Internal environmentFigure 6 Value Chain fountain Porter (2004)Appendix C strategic optionsFigure 7 The strategy clockSource www.marketing teacher.com Appendix D evaluation criteriaFigure 8 Rumelts evaluation criteria unity ar the external strategies consistent with (supported by) the various internal aspects of the organization? You mustiness examine all the various functional and internal management strategies employed by the organization and compare them with the external business strategy.ConsonanceAre the strategies in agreement with the various external trends (and sets of trends) in the environment? To suffice this questions, you need to look at all the major trends that impact the selected strategy both positively and negatively.FeasibilityIs the strategy reasonable in terms of the organizations resources?Money and capitalManagement, professional, and technical resourcesTime spanAdvantageDoes the strategy create and/or maintain a competitive advantage?ResourcesSkills powerSource Johnson et al (2007, p.593)1Footnotes1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangePL11

Strategic Role Of Information Systems Information Technology Essay

strategical Role Of Information Systems Information Technology EssayThe CIMB bank building obnubilate Computing Strategic Direction Paper describes the whole of MSF gross sales speciality policy position on mist deliberation. The strategy pull up stakes states that the MSF Sales Division green goddess choose a defame-establish service if it show intelligibly and deliberately value for money, fitness for purpose and are adequately good provides guidance for MSF Sales Force on what obnubilate computing is and virtually of the issues and benefits of deprave computing that MSF Sales Force make to be witting of.Our investigation foc routined on three areas much(prenominal) as IT base and related problems, business processes and Environmental issues. Result of our analysis has lead to several(prenominal) recommendations.The paper recognises that the public streak is liquid undergoing a gradual change, curiously in areas such as security and privacy. These issues need to be adequately resolved before critical MSF Sales Division jakes be transitioned to the cloud. As a result, the paper outlines three streams of nominateStream integrity provides the sales breakdown with guidance and documentation.Stream Two encourages sales division to adopt public cloud go for public facing unrestricted government services and to undertake proof of concept studies to effectivey recognize the risks of the cloud environment.Stream Three encourages a strategic approach to cloud. This work is dependent upon greater clarity around projects commissioned under the charterive info center Strategy.1. INTRODUCTIONCIMB pigeonholing is the leading Asean Universal banking franchise, straiting all-embracing trope of financial products and services covering consumer banking, integrated and enthronement banking, Moslem banking, assets commission, wealth management, insurance and Takaful and unavowed banking. However, we are writing repute based on one o f CIMB desire sales division known as officious Sales Force.Mobile Sales Force or more(prenominal) known as MSF is the largest sales channel in CIMB commit. Comprising more than 2,000 staffs, promoting and distributing CIMB Bank key products such as mortgage loan for private and corporate, person-to-person loan for government sector and credit cards.MSF was established backed in 2006 with the vision to be the best-in-class sales presidential term with a passion for portentous expectation.Prior approval and consent from MSF head of de discriminatement had been obtained in conducting research.CIMB assort PROFILECIMB Group is ASEANs leading universal banking franchise. We offer a full range of financial products and services covering consumer banking, corporate and investment banking, Moslem banking, asset management, wealth management, insurance and takaful, and private banking.With over 37,000 employees, CIMB Group reaches 81% of the ASEAN population, representing 89% of the components gross domestic product. Our retail network of over 1,000 branches is the widest in the region.Headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, CIMB Groups main markets are Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand and Cambodia. Our presence in 13 countries covers ASEAN and major global financial centres, as well as countries in which our clients learn significant business and investment dealings.In addition, we extend our reach and range of products and services through strategic partnerships. Our partners include the Principal Financial Group, Aviva plc, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Standard Bank plc, Daishin Securities and the Kanoo Group, among others.CIMB GROUPAs the leading ASEAN universal banking franchise, CIMB Group offers a full range of financial products and services covering consumer banking, corporate and investment banking, Moslem banking, asset management, wealth management, insurance and takaful, and private banking. We pass a concentrateing our businesses on a dual banking leverage model, giving customers a select of both conventional and Islamic financial solutions.Our main markets in which we offer full universal banking facilities are Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand. We also have a presence in other countries where our customers have significant business and investment dealings.CIMB BANKOur Consumer Banking business offers a full range of conventional and Islamic financial products and services to meet the borrowing and financing, wealth management and deed needs of our individual customers and businesses. Our spectrum of banking services include credit cards, mortgages, auto loans and financing, commercialized banking services for Small Medium Enterprises and mid-sized corporate customers, insurance and takaful, investment and wealth management services.We have an extensive retail network crosswise the region in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore and Cambodia that serves over 11 million customersThe rest of this repor t is as follows Section 2 IT Infrastructure and Ecosystem. Explained the IT radical and Ecosystem of the organisation.Section 3 obliterate computing and its business benefits. Provided cloud computing and its benefits and greets.Section 4 Recommendation of cloud computing adoption/adaption. Recommended a suit sufficient cloud that MSF could adopt.Section 5 Conclusions. Summarises the key points from the analysis and provided recommendation2. IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND ECOSYSTEMCIMB IT infrastructure today consist of seven major components that must be coordinate to provide the division with a coherent IT infrastructure and the major vendors deep down each categoryINTERNET PLATFORMSMicrosoft, Unix, JavaDATA MANAGEMENT stockIBM, DB2, Oracle, SQL Server, SybaseCOMPUTER HARDWAREPLATFORMSDell, HPIT INFRASTRUCTURECONSULTANT SYSTEM INTEGRATORIBM, EDS,AccentureECOSYSTEMoperating(a) SYSTEM PLATFORMSMicrosoft Window netING TELECOM-MUNICATIONMicrosoft Window Server, LinuxENTERPRISE SOFTW ARE PLATFORMSOracle, MicrosoftCIMB CORPORATE NETWORK INFRASTRUCTUREIssues and ChallengesSecuring Information System MSF are faced with challenges of data and entropy security. We need to have subprogramrs security procedures guidelines. At the moment, on that point is no such policy guidelines. As MSF is a firm providing financial services, MSF must honor with the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, better known as the Gramm-Leach Billey Act (Laudon, KC Laudon, JP 2010, pg 337)Malicious Software Malware (Laudon, KC Laudon, JP 2010, pg 328) pass on be another hurdle for implementation of cloud computing as there is no IT department within MSF. All IT issues and problems will have to be refer to CIMB Group IT. This will cause duration, delaying as the problem cannot be solve in-house and need to wait for IT department action. MSF will have no control as to when CIMB Group IT will react to the reported problem. polish off of Transaction Processing Systems MSF did not have TPS a systems that keep plow of the elementary activities of the organisation such as sales for all products such as personal and enterprise mortgages, personal loans and credit cards, customers information give care age, annual income, employee, and credit decisions like common rejection reason and best customer profile. (Laudon, KC Laudon, JP 2010, pg 75)Decision Support Systems (DCS) Executive Support Systems (ESS) Due to thoughtless of TPS no proper management information systems (MIS) to enable DCS ESS DCS is useful in providing financial backing non-routine decision making for middle management and ESS for senior management (Laudon, KC Laudon, JP 2010, pg 78 81)Data management Systems (DBMS) As MSF have double products, all data given will be in variant formats and all users will have their own preferred format of coverage thus creating double work when each product user need to extract and revitalizeat the data into meaningful information. (Laudon, KC Laudon, JP 2010, pg 240)Establishing an information policy Although there are numerous CIMB Banking Acts like, Banking Financial Institute Act1989 (BAFIA) section 97 secrecy, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) GP7 confidentiality, CIMB Group Code of Ethics governing the information policy, there is still a need for drafting information policy for MSF sales division. much specific guidelines, rules and penalties in controlling MSF information policy for sharing, disseminating, acquiring, standardising, classifying and inventorying information systems are needed. (Laudon, KC Laudon, JP 2010, pg 259)3. CLOUD COMPUTING AND ITS BUSINESS BENEFITS AND COSTS mist over computing represent a sea of change in the way the computing performed by corporations as business computing shifts out of private data centers into the cloud (Carr, 2008). For a huge company and having a thickening proprietary systems supporting unique business process, we are mostly apparent to have a hybrid computing model where firms will use their own infrastructure for the essential core activities and adopt a cloud computing for a less critical systems.3.1 Benefits of Cloud Computing trim equalCloud technology is paid incrementally, saving organizations money. The organization is able to plan the needed expenses more wisely. By cloud computing the cost is proportion to the requirement.Increased StorageOrganizations can store more data than on private computer systems.Highly AutomatedNo longitudinal do IT personnel need to worry about keeping packet up date and backup. Cloud computing will automatically do the update and backup the system giving the organization more snip to do business than fixing the problems on its own.FlexibilityCloud computing offers much more flexibility than past computing methods.More MobilityEmployees can access information wherever they are, rather than having to remain at their desks from sunup till evening which is tiring and fewtimes a boring job. The cloud made the business go mobile.Allows IT to Shift FocusNo longitudinal having to worry about constant server updates and other computing issues, organizations will be free to concentrate on innovation and research and development. This support business and product growth in the long run.3.2 Cost of Cloud ComputingToday, many large firms are burden with redundant, incompatible computer hardware and software because departments and divisions have been allowed to order and purchase their own technology. This make the cost of owning technology assets are relatively high.The cloud concept is paying what you use and no minimum fee required. The users are paying either on a monthly subscription fees or per transaction basis which are smooth of the by-line mandatory components.Management Interface at $6.25 per month weapons platform creation costApplication templateReleaseLow workout (one time fee)Average Usage (one time fee)Frequent Usage (one time fee) poop out ERP6.0 Eh P4$29$179$679SAP En terprise Portal7.0 Eh P1$19$169$669SAP Solution Manager7.0 Eh P1$49$199$699SAP Business Intelligence7.0 (BI Cont 7.05)$39$189$689SAP Ides CRM7.0$39$189$689Computing infrastructure costThis cost will only be charged when you operate your platform. Operational support and the utilize computing infrastructure as cpu, memory, a static network hide and network traffic are included.Configuration SetCPU repositingLow Usage (per hour)Average Usage (per hour)Frequent Usage (per hour)1-5 users4 core8 GB$1.99$1.68$1.496-10 users4 core12 GB$2.68$2.37$2.1811-15 users4 core16 GB$3.37$3.06$2.8716-25 users8 core18 Gb$3.98$3.67$3.484. RECOMMENDATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING(briefly described cloud computing recommendations)4.14.24.34.44.54.64.74.84.95. CONCLUSIONSThe following summarises the findings and recommendations as outlined below.5.1 abstract of key findingsThe Study leads to the conclusion that cloud computing has the potential to transform IT, not necessarily through its encroachment on an agencys core business systems, but through commoditizing routine services such as e-mail, web servers, and data storage. Cloud computing can also easily deliver services that are common across government, such as accounting, procurement, and collaboration tools. If CIOs can increase their reliance on commodity computing, they will then have more time and imagerys to focus on the strategic management of ITand provide leadership and value for their agencies.We promise that this timely and informative report will be useful to professionals and executives across government who are seeking innovative approaches in order to leverage the new technology of cloud computing in their effort to reform and improve ITprograms and the delivery of services to both government itself and to citizens.5.2 Recommendations5.3. Limitation of Studies slant OF REFERENCESDepartment of Finance and Deregulation 2011,Cloud computing strategic management paper opportunities and applicability for use by the Aus tralian Government, viewed 5 April 2011, .Mell P Grance T 2011, The NIST definition of cloud computing (draft) , viewed 19 treat 2011, .Wyld, DC 2009, Moving to the cloud an introduction to cloud computing in government , viewed 19 March 2011, .Laudon, KC Laudon, JP 2010, Management information systems managing the digital firm, 11th edition.Cirrus cloud computing Price list, viewed on 30 April 2011 APPENDICES addition 1 JournalAppendix 2 Cost and BenefitsAppendix 3 Cloud Computing BenefitsAppendix 4 Problems With Data Centre Power ConsumptionAppendix 5 Power Consumption For each(prenominal) supposerAppendix 1 Journal (390 words)doubting doubting doubting Thomas 24 March, 2011 thoriumConducted informal interview (930am) with Sim, Customer Service Engineer. Obtained basic information of MSF IT infratructureThomas 03 April, 2011 SundayVisited report writing presentation by Adrian Stagg Lindy Kimmins (1100pm)Thomas 03 April, 2011 SundaySeek permission from MSF Head (1030pm), Mr. Daniel Cheong on selecting MSF Department for subsidization 4Thomas 04 April, MondayApproval obtained by Mr. Daniel Cheong at 1206amThomas Janet 04 April, 2011 MondayBoth of us arranged to communicate through phone and electronic mail as we are from different parts of the country after accountability hours at 7.30pm. We discussed briefly on which of the organization intended to work on to our identification report.In the end, after much discussion we decided to select either one of our company which we are currently employed for our denomination report after which we have discussed with our relevant IT department in our close meeting.Thomas Janet 04 April, 2011 MondayWe communicate again at 8.30pm. After much substitute informations of our survey on our IT department, we decided to select company, CIMB Bank Bhd as the organization to work on for our assignment report due to the good support from his company IT personnel. Next we discussed about the plan on how to co mplete our assignment through allocation of jobs. As we have selected my company to work on for our assignment report,Thomas 05 April, 2011 TuesdayI log into CIMB Group website www.cimb.com/index.php?tpt=cimb_group and started my introduction part of my report (1100am)Janet 06th April, 2011 WednesdayI visited a few website www.finance.gov.au/e-government/strategy-and-governance/cloud-computing.htm, www.isaca.org/Knowledge-Center/Research/Documents/Cloud-Computing-28Oct09-Research.pdfand www.startupbizhub.com/business-benefits-of-cloud-computing.htm which give me some information on opportunities of adoption by the Australia GovernmentThomas 08 April, 2011 Saturday move email (830pm) to MSF Head personal assistance, requesting for MSF organisation chart, MSF IT infrastructure Eco systemJanet 11 April, 2011 MondayVisited the Australia Department of Finance and Deregulation 2011 again and started to complete the Executive Summary for our assignment.Thomas 16 April, 2011 Saturda yVisited USQ study desk for assignment 4 resources (900pm) http//usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=trueid=391393Visited Wikipedia for pseudonym http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym (920pm)Reading assignment 4 mock up report (1000pm)Reading CIMB Group Rules for Business Conduct (1100pm)Janet 25 April, 2011 MondayCompute the company IT Infrastructure Ecosystem plot provided by Loudon Loudon 11e (page 203) and visited http//www.intek.net/a/images/netdesign.gif for fictitious diagram on corporate network infrastructureJanet 30 April, 2011 SaturdayCompute the cloud computing benefits and it costThomas 09 May, 2011 MondayChecking and resizing fonts size for assignment paper (1200pm) snitch CIMB Group website http//www.cimb.com/index.php?ch=g2_aupg=g2_au_leadercat=bodtpt=cimb_groupfor CIMB Group CEO profile.Browese USQ website http//usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=trueid=409613for plagiarism smashAppendix 2 Cost and BenefitsAppendix 3Organi sation chart of CSD Sales ChannelAppendix 4 Organisation Chart of Mobile Sales Force

Relationship Between Rubber Hand Illusion And Interoceptive Awareness

Relationship Between Rubber Hand Illusion And Interoceptive kenWhen and artificial hired perish is placed in a position matched with the thespians have got posture, i.e. a position that is plausible anatomically with regard to the participants luggage compartment, and so the combination of visual input from the refuge delve and tactile stimulus to the participants hidden consecrate produces the join that the safety hand is part of the system in around half of participants. The incidence of the illusion as closely as its intensity is substantially reduced when the visual and tactile stimuli atomic number 18 applied asynchronously, so that the spirit on the hand is non matched by what the participant sees on the rubber hand. This reduction to a fault occurs when the rubber hand is put in a posture that is anatomically implausible(e.g. Tsakiris Haggard, 2005).The term interoception was coined by Charles Sherrington (1907) in the same paper that he introduces the te rms proprioception and exteroception. in the sure definition, the term referred solely to visceral sensations. However, now it has come to encompass the physiologic state of the eubstance as a whole, and the mechanism by which afferent nerve nerve info reaches conscious aw arness and affects behaviour, which weed occur both indirectly and directly. Interoception relates to the way in which people perceive feelings from their bodies that affect mood, the sense of wellbeing and even emotions (Cameron, 2002). The field of interoception has been aided greatly by the advent of useful imaging. Thus far, research has been limited in its scope to contribute to the arrangement of egotism-importance- sentiency and, by extension, consciousness.The rubber hand illusion has important implications for interoception because it implies that information from proprioceptors- the mechanoreceptors in the hand and arm- foundation be overridden delightfully easily by visual information. However , it is important to remember that it is not visual information alone that the participant is hooked to they are as well receiving proprioceptive input to their spiritual domain hand. Ramachandran (2005) suggests that quite than the more cognitive Helmholtzian unconscious inference explanation posited by others (e.g. Lackner, 1988), the rubber hand illusion can be explained from a Bayesian perspective. several(prenominal) (e.g. Alais Burr, 2004 Ernst Banks, 2002) have shown that adults are able to integrate information both within and between senses in what appears to be a statistically optimal (Bayes-optimal) fashion. The item that Bayesian models fit human behavioural results so well fits with the demonstration that synchronous stimulation in ii modalities can bring about counterchanges in interoception. In a more natural environment, the probability of beholding something in the outside world being stimulated and feeling selfsame(a) stimulation on a consistent bo le part is vanishingly unlikely and so it seems unsurprising that the neural machinery that fuses information between the senses is subject to this illusion.A more recent experiment has shown that both the afferent and motor(prenominal) elements of the body in motion are able to influence the feeling of ownership (Tsakiris, Prabhu Haggard, 2006). The authors found that the rubber hand illusion could be elicited solely on the basis of hand movements. In a edition on the methodology, participants had a virtual hand projected to the front of them piece of music their own hand was hidden. Both the participants index dactyl and the same finger of the virtual hand underwent up and down motions, which could be do either alertly or passively. When movements were in synchrony, participants reported that they mat up as if their own hand was nearer the virtual hand than when motion was asynchronous as in the incorrupt illusion. Under the passive condition, as in the classic condition , the illusion is a result of integration of visual and proprioceptive information. Conversely, thither is also neuromotor information signalling that the finger is moving in the active condition. One difference between the conditions was that the proprioceptive drift only bear on the index finger in the passive condition. The rest of the fingers were not perceive as being closer to the virtual hand. However, in the active condition, proprioceptive drift affected the whole hand. Therefore, the effect was more local when afferent information alone was available, but more global when there was efferent information as well. Tsakiris et al came to the conclusion that efferent information can influence interoception and the sense of bodied ownership by unifying the body into a coherent whole.One assertable argument against the invite that the rubber hand illusion shows that visual information can override proprioceptive information is that the participant may simply be speaking me taphorically when they say that they feel as if the rubber hand is part of their body. This occupation arises from the fact that measures of the extent of the elusion are based on self report. Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) studies have examined whether the rubber hand is sincerely yours incorporated into the participants body image. Evolutionarily, it is necessary to protect the body from physical harm, and so threat to they body elicits feelings of anxiety, the withdrawal tendency, and increase autonomic arousal (e.g. Cooke Graziano, 2003 Kalisch et al, 2005). Therefore, it seems fair to say that for something to qualify as being part of the body, the wizards homeostatic mechanisms should controvert as if it is when it is under threat. This hypothesis has received get from the fact that contact the table near the false hand with a hammer leads to increased GSR during the rubber hand illusion (Armel Ramachandran, 2003). There was no change in GSR during the control condition in which the rubber and substantial hands were stimulated asynchronously.Ehrsson et al (2007) have gone even advertise than this and shown using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging that areas of the brain associated with interoception, i.e. the preceding cingulate pallium and insula are active during the rubber hand illusion. The convexity pallium of the anterior cingulate and cingulate cortex have been shown to become active during both the hump of bruise and anticipation of it (e.g. Craig et al, 1996 Wager et al, 2004). The anterior insular cortex has also been shown to become active during pain anticipation, the experience of pain and also pain empathy (e.g. Singer et al, 2004). Furthermore, coactivation of these regions during experiments has been linked to interoceptive awareness and emotional bringing (Farrell, Laird Egan, 2005 Craig, 2003). The authors suggested that the activity they found in response to threat to the rubber hand about likely reflected participan ts anxiety as they were elevated more when the participant felt ownership of the rubber hand than when they did not. Significantly, this activity was specific to threats to the body and was not seen in response to empathy for pain or looking at the spray (which was used to threaten the rubber hand). This is strong evidence that the rubber hand illusion leads to changes in the participants interoception.Tsakaris (2010) describes the rubber hand illusion as a model example of how the normal sense of embodiment works, and argues that it can be used to examine how the experience of the body as belonging to the exclusive comes about, is maintained, and perhaps even how it can be disturbed. He puts forward a neurocognitive model in which body ownership is the result of interactions between rate of flow information from all of the senses and internal models regarding the body. This model begins with pre-existing models of the body that are stored in the sort out temporo-parietal juncti on. These allow distinction between objects that may be embodied and those that may not. Subsequently, on-line postural and anatomical patterns of the body (in the standby somatosensory cortex) allow modulation of this multisensory information. This in turn allows the visual and tactile ordain systems to be recalibrated in order to respond to current demands of the environment. This is done by the ventral premotor and posterior parietal cortices, which contain neurons that code for recalibration of the hand-centred co-ordinate system. This results in referral of tactual sensation that leads to subjective experiences of body ownership, which arises in the right posterior insula.Some similar ideas are expressed by de Vignemont. She argues that bodily sensations are experience through a multimodal spatial representation of ones body. This view leads directly to the prediction that the sense of ownership of the body should be influenced by information in the visual modality, as in t he rubber hand illusion. She also points out that proprioceptive information decays very quickly man the hand is stationary, and that it is often vision that dominates the other sensory modalities (e.g. Welch and Warren, 1986). This provides further support for the idea that the spatial content of haptic sensations should rely more on the visual modality than proprioception. This can account for the fact that when Botvinick and Cohen asked their participants to reach towards the hand that had been stimulated (using their other hand), this motion was displaced toward the rubber hand rather than their unseen hand. This distortion of proprioception and the sense of the location of the body comes from the emphasis on information in the visual modality, which can also account for the subjective feeling of ownership of the hand. This results from the localisation of the haptic information within a representation of the body that has been constructed from the information available to the participant. In the illusion, the descriptive aspect of the haptic sensation is accurate, however, the spatial aspect has been shifted.Craig (2009) examines the fibre of the insula in interoceptive awareness in areas as diverse as gastric distension, heartbeat and pain. He identifies awareness of bodily movements (rather than the sense of agency regarding movements) as a possible role for the insular cortex, as well as speech, self information and various emotions, describing an emotional salience network in which insular cortical areas feature. He also suggests that the anterior insular cortex plays a role in performance maintenance in which it is put at the heart of the switch to self reflective networks from central executive operate. The insula is argued to contain representations of the self at every moment in time and to provide comparability between representations at different points in time. The predictive role that this implies may explain the role of the insula in emot ions such as anxiety. He also examines the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in interoception and self awareness, noting its numerous connections with the insular cortex. He also posits an evolutionary theory, wherein the anterior cingulate and anterior insular cortex developed independently, but subsequently came to have more integrated functioning that performed the role of interoception, specifically managing autonomic activity. He argues that this explains the close relationship of the two areas in various neuroimaging studies.In conclusion, the rubber hand illusion has provided practically insight into human interoception. It has revealed the different kinds of information involved in this process by showing how it can be tricked, as well as the flexibility inherent in the system. Neuroimaging studies using the illusion have revealed the mediating brain areas, which in turn leads to tantalising hints about how the conscious sense of the body arises. The experience of owner ship of the body may be a solid aspect of self-specificity. This illustrated by the different ways that multisensory integration and internal models of the body are able to manipulate important psychological and even physical elements of the self, the prime example being the rubber hand illusion. Interoception has important implications for some groups of patients, in particular amputees. The rubber hand illusion has shown how outside objects can fairly easily be integrated into the body image. The withdrawal reactions that are elicited from participants are the same in kind to those that arise when deputy limbs are under threat.

Animal Communication Methods: Bonding and Imprinting

Animal Communication Methods soldering and workSarah OMalleysoldering beliefIntroductionImprinting and soldering argon important biologic processes that attend to in the choice of payoff outlet require pargonntal joining to survive. These processes allow the event to carry skills and demeanours look ated for natural selection, as well as the knowledge of their own species in order to successfully breed in the future. The importance of bonding and reproduction differs in different species. Bonding canister be important in obtaining food, communicating, survival, and conglutination. The following takes the mechanisms of act upon and bonding with differences and similarities amidst the two. In versionation regarding Konrad Lorenz and his work is included. A mention of communication and its role in reducing conflict has also been included.ImprintingImprinting is a unadulterated biological process in birds such as geese and ducks. New- natural chicks become devoted to the first visible moving object they see. Imprinting is mostly non-species- special(prenominal) exactly work surrounded by same species does occur filial imprint (between subject and its p arnt) is more common is precocial faunas than in altricial animals as precocial animals are mobile and alert when they are born and therefore bind the ability to imprint aboriginal. Certain behaviours are affected by imprint more than different behaviours. on that point is a significant sensitive full stop where imprinting takes effect (1). For ducks, this is between 4-48 hours aft(prenominal) they have crosshatched. A duckling depart pretty much follow whatever is moving once it has hatched and forget eventually contemplate what it is following and imprint on it. An Austrian named Konrad Zacharias Lorenz was a zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist (bird behaviour), who studied instinctive behaviour in animals, especially greylag geese and the principle of imprinting. These studies led to Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and Karl von Frisch winning a Nobel Prize for Medicine. He is regarded as peerless of the principal founders of ethology. The innate release mechanism, a main concept regarding imprinting, where organisms are genetically predisposed to be responsive to indisputable stimuli become fixed and imprint on the parents (2). Senses are important for imprinting as ducks are precocial they imprint on whoever they see indoors a certain timeframe (4-48hrs) using their sight. As puppies and kittens do non up to(p) their eyes for a little over a week subsequently birth, they take a little broader to imprint. Mammals, who are altricial utilisation their smell, sight, and sound to imprint on their m others, though pri spouses are born with brains that still need to fully develop and so imprinting takes longer. Imprinting is a survival instinct as it ensures the safety and protective cover for the under attack(predicate) new-born it prevents the yo uth from predation, as its mother is there to protect it. It allows the offspring to learn skills for survival and behavioural characteristics from its mother. Imprinting is different to bonding as there is a specific period where imprinting occurs. Lorenzs theory snarly an experiment whereby chicks where hatched in an incubator and then handled by humanss. They were pose back with their mother who accepted the goslings exclusively the goslings did not accept her. They followed the human they first saw. Lorenzs theory argued that imprinting is irreversible and takes pip at a certain stage (as mentioned above). It included his theory of imprinting beingness innate but recognizing the moving object was learnt. Filial imprinting lasts until the offspring becomes adults. Socialization is important and imprinting experiences will have a long-run effect on genial behaviour isolating a puppy will result in the pup displaying abnormal well-disposed behaviour such as anxiety. Impri nting has a significant effect on sexual preferences, which should be a factor to consider in incarceration or rehabilitation centres. intimate imprinting is where characteristics learnt form siblings will regularize their mating preferences in adulthood. This process depends on the species there could be a period in between filial imprinting and sexual imprinting for some species, whereas for other species it can occur simultaneously (geese). E.g., if a duckling was to imprint on a chicken and considered the hens chicks its siblings, it is akinly to sexually imprint on chickens in adulthood as it is attracted to the characteristics of the species it imprinted on and believes it to be the same species. The appearance of the object or animal the offspring imprints on will learn them to recognise what future first mates should look like (providing they imprint on the correct animal) (3). Imprinting allows the parent to raise her young much easier, as the offspring imprints on her early and will depone her and follow her wherever she goes, which is vital when it comes to predation.BondingBonding is a biological process where animals of same species (pair bonding) and sometimes, different species plug into on a societal level. This can occur at different stages in their lives. Reasons for bonding include pair bonding, which results in mating and reproduction in join pairs, and social bonding that is vital in species that form packs or hierarchies etc. Wolves form social bonds deep down the same pack, which enables them to hunt and live in a social group. For wolves, bonding is crucial as they do everything together, from hunting to fend for territory and raising young. Parent-offspring bonding is beneficial for twain parents and offspring as the offspring have a greater chance of survival with the protection from its parent(s), and the parent(s), can ensure their genes will be passed on and their offspring makes it to adulthood. Their need to nurse the ir young originates from the release of a hormone called oxytocin, which influences motherly behaviour, breeding animals with this hormone absent results in mothers leaving their offspring earlier than mothers with that hormone. cognate recognition prevents inbreeding from occurring as well as for cooperating. With mating pairs, bonding behaviours include vocalizations calls and sounds, movements dancing, body contact (tactile), and postures, as well as offering gifts. Senses are just as vital in bonding as they are in imprinting. Visual, tactile, vocal, and auditory are important factors in mating pairs and are often expressed in rituals. Every meeting between mating pairs, the rituals are repeated to reinforce the bond. Pairs may bond for certain part of a breeding season short term or long term, and other species may mate for life (monogamy) (4), such as swans and geese. Bonding in mating pairs, allows for recognition of the individuals mate within a crowd (nest site e.g.). It a llows the animal to imprint the image of its mate in its head. Bonding requires effort, which confirms their commitment. It provides a better chance of survival for their offspring as both parents are present for protection and for providing food. The pair does not need to go through the long process of selecting a mate during breeding season. Parent-offspring bonding is not only evident in birds but in other species such as elephants within their group of family that contains elephants of a range of ages, greet and maintain bonding by tactile affecting and often curling their trunks around the others, vocalization communication, and scent. potence is expressed through play at an early age, whereby young elephants, both male and female but progresses in males as they get older, lade at each other and wrestle with their trunks. 30 minutes after an elephant is born, it is able to stand up and follow its mother. Females will form completion bonds with their mother and will stay by their side for life, which allows the mother to teach her offspring skills needed for survival. Males tend to leave at around 12-15 historic period where they may temporarily join other groups for mating and feeding. Bonding in elephants, where they stay together for life (females), increases their chances of survival as they form massive herds, which makes it more difficult for predation to occur. An example of interspecies relationships is the bond between a lion, tiger, and bear (diagram 2 ), who were abused in the hands of a drug dealer, bonded for comfort and now consider themselves brothers. They are the only know lion, tiger, and bear to live together in the world in the wild, they would never meet. Their early experiences as young cubs and the fact that they have never been disordered since, strengthened their bonds (5).Differences SimilaritiesBonding and imprinting are both processes where animals socially connect and both aid in the survival of the animals. Bonding oc curs for different reasons and at different stages in animals lives, whereas imprinting occurs early within a specific period where the offspring is sensitive to stimuli. Bonding occurs for many reasons including pair bonding, where for mated pairs, occurs later in life (when sexually mature), whereas imprinting is solely for survival in which the young requires from its parent. Bonding get hold ofs the bonding of two animals equally whereas imprinting is a one-way thing in which young imprint on the first thing it sees and perceives it to be its mother. Imprinting involves recognition and learned behaviour as described previously in Lorenzs theory the offspring imprint on the first object they see and begin to learn and recognise that object. There is an in between, as the bonding process truly starts with imprinting in specific ways imprinting takes place early for the purpose of survival but then bonding occurs to strengthen the connection. Parent-offspring bonding involves the bonding between the parent and its offspring and can sometimes involve the offspring imprinting on the parent. The parent releases oxytocin in response, which strengthens the bond (6). Difference between filial imprinting and sexual imprinting Sexual imprinting involves the young imprinting on the characteristics of opposite-sex kin, whereas filial imprinting is where offspring imprint on its parent as an individual (7).How Communication Reduces encounterCommunication is crucial in reducing conflict, especially between territorial animals vocalizations scent, and visual senses play an important role in alerting other animals when they have entered anothers territory, which will prevent fighting e.g. an animal will urinate on the edge of its territory to communicate to other animals that is their territory and should not be crossed. Establishing a hierarchy reduces the risk of intraspecies conflict all the animals within the group are aware of their rank and role they must play. T his enables them to function as a working group, which will aid in their survival. Ritualized combat, a form of agonistic behaviour, is another system used to reduce conflict such as threatening displays to restrict other animals, and usually prevents fighting from occurring. It is also beneficial in aiding survival as preventing conflict decreases the chance of being killed, losing food or territory, or losing a mate.Submission prevents fighting from occurring, as the submissive animal is credibly to give in to the dominant one, which prevents conflict.ConclusionBonding and imprinting occurs in many species and both ensure the survival of an animal. Lorenzs work provided save information regarding the importance of imprinting, noting a specific period for it to take place and the possibilities of it going wrong (sexual imprinting on a different species). There are clear differences between bonding and imprinting, with purpose being one of the main ones. However, they are simila r in terms of forming a social connection, both interspecies and intraspecies. The senses are a vital part of these connections as they help animals distinguish characteristics and recognise stimuli that influence imprinting/bonding.Bibliography(1) Sensitive time periodLorenz, K (1963). On Aggression. Austria Methuen Publishing. Pg.258. (PDF version) (2) Konrad LorenzHayes, Brian J., no date. Konrad Lorenz biography. Ethology Imprinting. http//www.age-of-the-sage.org/scientist/konrad_lorenz.html(3) Sexual ImprintingIrwin, D and Price, T. Sexual imprinting, instruction and speciation. Heredity (1999) 82, 347354 doi10.1038/sj.hdy.6885270(4) Pair-BondingBarash, D. Lipton, J. (2001). The Myth of Monogamy Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People. New York Henry Holt and Company(5) Interspecies BondingBroder Van Dyke, M. whitethorn 26th, 2014. BuzzFeed Animals. Lions, Tigers, and Bears. http//www.buzzfeed.com/mbvd/lion-tiger-and-bear-who-love-each-other.ovl6jp5wL(6) Differences S imilaritiesThatcher, M. 24 November 2014. Understanding Animal Communication Systems. http//saltiecroc.blogspot.co.uk/2014/11/understanding-animal-communication.html(7) DifferencesSparkNotes, 2015. Animal doings Learning. Imprinting. http//www.sparknotes.com/biology/animalbehavior/learning/section3.rhtmlDiagramsDiagram 1 Konrad LorenzLeen, N. July 7th 2008. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 3 Pioneer Observers of Animal Behaviour. http//advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2008/07/three-pioneer-observers-of-animal-behaviour/Diagram 2 BondingShaikh, T. July 6th 2014. Animal Bonding. http//jugglu.com/adorable-animal-bonding-story-ever.phpDiagram 3 Agonistic Behaviour roverHill, D E. 4 December 2009. Wikipedia. Zygoballus sexpunctatus male agonistic behaviour http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ rouseZygoballus_sexpunctatus_male_agonistic_behavior.pngDiagram 4 Pair-Bonding Ander, B L. December 12th 1014. Puffin Love. http//fineartamerica.com/featured/puffin-love-brent-ander.html

Malnutrition Effects on Quality Of Life

Malnourishment Effects on Quality Of LifeThe focus of this perspicacity is feeling of life and partingicularisedally this topic considers how mal sustainment affects quality of life of confederation settings patients. harmonise to the stinting Governments way let out Older people living in partnership pabulum holds, obstruction and interventions a literature review, mal bread and butter is an umbrella term for undernutrition, overnutrition and imbalance viands white plague (The Scottish Government, 2009). Malnutrition has previously been described in the various ways (The Scottish Government, 2009). However, for purpose of this sagacity the following term lead be use as defined by World Health Organisation (WHO) the cellular imbalance between the supply of nutrients and energy and the bodys demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific hunts (see European Nutrition for Health Alliance, 2005). concord to Saunders, metalworker and Stroud (2010) 2 per cent of the UK existence is under cargo unit Body Mass Index (BMI) is press down than 18.5 kg/m. However, they agreed that patients could be salvage at insecurity of malnutrition whatever their BMI is (Saunders, metalworker and Stroud, 2010).Malnutrition, as well as slightly other factors, has negative effect on the persons quality of life (The Scottish Government, 2009). In the UK, hospitals admission rate and death rate were greatest in patients with BMI below 20 (kg/m2) (Teo and Wynne, 2001). During nutrition top trace in the UK various settings it was prepargon that malnutrition doubles endangerment of mortality in the hospital patients and triples morality in some clock time(a) patients in hospitals following execute (RCN and NPSA, 2009). Cargon Homes nutrition survey shown that 30 per cent of service users recently admitted to negociate nationals were at danger of malnutrition (RCN and NPSA, 2009).According to Hickson (2006), malnutrition may be lowe r-ranking to certain health conditions which is increasing chances for patients to amaze undernourish and those risk factors lead be discuss later in this assessment (Hickson, 2006 and Teo and Wynne, 2001). However, European Nutrition for Health Alliance (2005) argued that malnutrition should be classified as independent unhealthiness (European Nutrition for Health Alliance, 2005), its due to undernutrition has a negative effect on all organs systems such as vigor-skeleton, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine systems and in addition, malnutrition has a psychosocial effect (Saunders, metalworker and Stroud, 2010).It was assemble that undernutrition could cause following health conditions in the goodish separates and has advance exacerbation effects upon existent illnesses or injuries, minify psychological offbeat (increase anxiety, depression apathy, and discharge of concentration and self-neglect) (Webb and Copeman, 1996 and Saunders, metalworker and Stroud, 2010). According to Morley and Kraenzle (1995), balanced fast in general, is improving cognitive and memory surgical procedure in aged(a) (see Vetta et al, 1999).Chandra (1993) found that undernutrition is depressing organism immune eng get along with (see Webb and Copeman, 1996). It could be due to impaired cell-mediated immunity and cytokine, complement and phagocyte make for this most comm unless could lead to developing bacterial and parasitic infections and unretentive wounds healing (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010).Malnourished patients bind reduced muscle function, loss of cardiac muscle and reduce cardiac output, which results in impact on the renal function (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010). The same individuals beat reduced respiratory rejoinder to oxygen deficit by brusque diaphragmatic and respiratory muscle function (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010), increased risk of hypothermia, increase risk of waterfall and injuries (Webb and Copeman, 1996). I n addition, redaction of fill in and muscles set atomic number 18 more open signs of malnutrition (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010). According to Clayton (1991), malnourished aged(a) clients affirm a despicable prognosis for recovery from following fractured femur, hypothermia, pressure ulceration and other conditions (Clayton, 1991). tornado risk is high then calcium, magnesium and vitamin D in fix is insufficient, during the heaviness loss b genius mass is simplification as well (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010).Early st years of malnutrition leads to loss of digestive enzymes that result in bigotry of lactose. The colon loses its ability to absorb liquid, electrolytes, and secretions of small and large bowels, which results in dissolution (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010).According to Saunders, Smith and Stroud (2010), endocrine system is affected in malnourished pains. For example, chronic malnutrition lead change the pancreatic exocrine function by reducing the insulin secretion (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010).An compose is currently running(a) a nursing and residential parcel out home for ancient patients as well as nursing and social recruitment progressncy, which is covering biggest part of the North West of England. Being allocated in hospitals and nursing homes the reservoir sight that patiences nutrition needs are being met well but where are still some areas for remediatement. During the study carried out in the large the UK hospitals, it was found that 40 per cent patients admitted to hospitals were malnourished and two-thirds subsequently scattered clog during their hospital stay (Teo and Wynne, 2001).During the service users abideing in the carry on home precedent working in, carried out in January this year, all 14 service users buzz off stated that they are satisfied with solid fodder they are getting. However, two patients are still at risk of malnutrition. They have been referred to the GP for dietician fin ancial backing. The source strongly believes that nursing home is providing adequate food to the service users. ply manager in the UK hospitals compare to chefs in nursing home have a small budge of 11 to 15 per patients a week (Teo and Wynne, 2001). The authors care home spends around 30 per service user a week. However, in March 2007, Royal College of Nursing (RCN) carried out survey sceptical nearly 2200 of their member relating nutrition issues. Survey has revealed that 42 per cent verbalize the food provided for patients were below overage expectancy (RCN, 2011).In various reasons disposal and health profession organisations are now advising for routing screening of all patients admitted to any(prenominal) healthcare facilities (RCN and NPSA, 2009). In authors opinion, the main priority for addressing this issue is promoting patiences health and wellbeing and cutting financial cost. For example, annual financial cost of treatment malnutrition patience and any associated illnesses in the UK was estimated around 7.3 billion pounds. This figure includes treatment malnourished patience in the hospital setting, round 3.8 billion pounds and long-term care facility such as care home, round 2.6 billion (Elia M., et al., 2005).Causes of MalnutritionThe author is currently looking after two service users who are make headway on the MUST. All two patients are elderly from 65 to 80 years old, with different background and health conditions. Patient No 1 is 87 years old female, was diagnosed with Alzheimers Disease, history of Transient Ischemic besiege (TIA), high blood pressure, right wrist fracture and Dysphasia. Current BMI is 19, which was unchanging after referral to dietician and commencing on oral supplements, than BMI was 17 back in the October 2010. Patient No 2 is 72 years old man, diagnosed with intoxicant excess, CA oesophagus, Gout, Heart Failure. Current BMI is 23, which was stably increasing over erst period(prenominal) months following ad mission to nursing home, than his BMI was 17. Both patients have a poor relish at present. Nursing homes staff can non establish reasons for anorexia and BMI reduction in one patient. in that location are number of risk factors, which could cause malnutrition among elderly population. However, the most important factor leading to undernutrition is reducing of oral expenditure (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010). Inadequate dietary intake is depending on various factors (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010), which could be divided into three main categories medical, social and psychological (Hickson, 2006). Firstly, age related to changes such as changing in appetite or sensory (Teo and Wynne, 2001). Working in the care homes author noticed, an appetite is reducing with advanced age. Some people refused or preferred to omit meals, for example, one patient does not take breakfast, then the author asked her why she is not taken breakfast that patient replied that she is not a breakfast person. In addition, during the study carried out in regular army it was discovered that elderly population are consumed less energy intake and follow more traditional eating pattern then jr. population (Teo and Wynne, 2001). Poor appetite or anorexia is a most common factor leading to malnutrition in both young and old generation (Hickson, 2006). However, during the study commenced by Roberts et al (1994), it was found that ageing seemed to affect the ability to control food intake and burthen lost will take longer to re-gains in elderly men compare to young (see Hickson, 2006). In addition, match to work of De Castro (1993), older people are less responsive to stomach contents than younger people, in term of hunger (see Hickson, 2006). Anorexia may occur as serve up of aging as well as during underlying illnesses (Teo and Wynne, 2001 and Hickson, 2006).Hetherington (1998) argued that changing in taste and scent out could lead to loss of appetite through a perceived decline i n the pleasantness of food. Loss of taste and smell could be associated with advance age and medications therapy mechanism of these changes are remains unfathomable (see Hickson, 2006). In authors care environment patients prefer to eat strong olfactory modality and taste meals such as a roast meat with gravy, bacon, pitch which are being served with traditional sauces or salt and vinegar to uphold patients to their food. According to Hickson (2006), a few works have been done to incur out that improving the flavour of the food can reform diet intake and follow weight increase in hospitals and residential district healthcare patients (Hickson, 2006). A few patients do not like vegetables, intake of which have being recommended by NHS 5 a day complain base on the WHO (NHS, 2009).Patient No 1 and Patient No 2 do not have own teeth which is reducing ability to chew tender food. For both patients oral hassles have not been reported. However, harmonise to Finch et al (1998), N ational Diet and Nutrition survey, energy consumption was lower in edentate individuals compare to individuals with own teeth (see Hickson, 2006).Dysphasia or swallowing problem is leading concern in reducing dietary intake (Hickson 2006). The author has experienced that often care and catering staff do not understand the different between soft and liquidised diet and which diet should be given to each patients with dysphasia. Moreover, care staff that is responsible for feeding patients, obligatory processant, every often do not understand the sings for swallowing problem. This concern has been turn to in the care home that the author is working in by appointed care staff for appropriate training section provided by Liverpool Primary Care Trust (PCT). According to research carried out by Mowe et al (1994), swallowing problem is showing up in 64 per cent of in-patience elderly (see Hickson, 2006). In addition, Gariballa et al (1998) argued that post Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) patients with Dysphasia had a worse nutrition status then those patients without swallowing problems (see Hickson, 2006).The author strongly believes that malnutrition caused by various factors combined together such as old age and health or mental health problem (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010). In the UK, it was estimated that around 8 per cent of patients with chronic diseases living in the community are malnourished (Teo and Wynne, 2001). According to Hickson (2006), diseases-related malnutrition is usually associated with cancer, physical disabilities, endocrinology disorder and respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disorders, neurological disorders, sources of infection and other psychological factors such as depression and Dementia (Hickson, 2006 and Teo and Wynne, 2001). Medical factors increase the risk of patient to become malnourish through, for example, nausea or vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation, anorexia and malabsorption (Hickson, 2006).Cultural factors or social (Vetta et. al. 1999) and food habits are also playing an important subprogram in developing malnutrition as independent illness (Hickson, 2006). As example, an individual who had a long-term hospital stay or had no nutrition support while in the community would not used to have full nutritional meals. Moreover, individual who has been admitted to the authors care home used to take fast food or sandwiches at all the time while at home, instead of cooked meals. According to Hickson (2006), there are lifestyles and social risk factors for malnutrition in elderly people are lack of familiarity about(predicate) food, nutrition and cooking, isolation and loneliness, poverty, inability to shop or prepare food (Hickson, 2006).Dementia has a great effect on individuals relationship with food (Alzheimers Society, 2011). Dementia patients or patients with low mental status appeared to lost weight due to reducing self-feeding ability, acute sense of smell and taste that is depending on seve ralty and progression of disease (Teo and Wynne, 2001). Berkhout et al (1998) has confirmed that weight lost in demented patients is caused by patients ability to feed them rather than by dementia as illness (Hickson, 2006).According to Incalzi et al (1998), study carried out for in-hospitals patients found out that cognition is cavictimization impairment to ability or desire to eat (see Hickson, 2006). Progressive dementia is usually associated with uncontrolled weight lost and changing eating habits (Claggett, 1989 see Hickson, 2006).Nutrition screening and risk assessmentIn 2007, RCN commenced Nutrition Now campaign, which has a wide response from members of public as well as members of multidisciplinary teams. The RCN Principles for Nutrition and Hydration were published in 2007. That principals aim to help of all health professionals grades to improve nutrition and hydration of patience. This paper is highlighting three principles of nursing care accountability, responsibility and management to improve the patience nutrition and hydration (RCN 2011).Nutrition screening pathway, nutrition risk assessment are widely used which assist nursing staff to indentify the risk of malnutrition or/dehydration and appropriate actions to be taken. Risk of malnutrition screening should be a routine process in all healthcare settings (RCN and NPSA, 2009). In the authors care home as required all service users are being screened for malnutrition on the admission and once a month or more often if required, using Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) as recommended by government bodies and Care Quality Commission (CQC) as adaption body. Part of the admission documentation is to collect and record patiences food likes and dislikes. According to Saunders, Smith and Stroud (2010), MUST is reliable and valid screening tool in diagnostic or prediction of malnutrition (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010). However, nutrition assessment was only done for patients who have bee n referral to their GPs following scoring, weight loss of 1 to 2 per cent per week, 5 per cent per month or 10 per cent over period of six months (Mitchell, 2003).According to RCN and NPSA (2009), purpose of nutritional assessment is details identification of nutritional status and for spare dietary invention to be formulated and implicated (RCN and NPSA, 2009). In the authors care home, dietician or dieticians assistant based on the information provided by staff cherish on duty normally carries out the nutritional assessment. As removed as author concerns, nutrition assessment should be done by care home nurses as they are working in culmination contact with patients and their families on the daily basis, know come apart persons food likes and dislikes. However, special nutrition trainings are not always available to the nursing home staff. This could lead to complicated nutrition issues not to be addressed as quickly as they should be due to community dieticians waiting time is usually 6 weeks.In the authors nursing home all unavoidable equipments are available such as weight scales and height measures. However, weight scales calibration has not been done which could lead to poor nutrition screening assessment (NPSA).After completing the MUST, the author and colleagues will formulate the individualised care plan for each patient in order to meet nutritional requirements. Nutrition care plan could be based on the information or guidance provided by dietician or other health professions.TreatmentAccording to Hark and Morrison (2003), the nutrition needs of healthy older adults are mainly the same as for middle age adults (Hark and Morrison, 2003). The intake of food containing Calcium, Vitamin D, Folate, Vitamin B12 and B6 should be increased for the elderly population (Hark and Morrison, 2003). Protein intake recommendation is variable from 0.8 g/kg per day in the USA (Mitchell, 2003) to 0.75 g/kg in the UK (McKevith, 2009). However, according to Mitc hell (2003), one established nutrition needs recommendation cannot be used for all ages population (Mitchell, 2003). In addition, patients lifestyle, height and weight should be taken in account (Mitchell, 2003).There are number of fundamental support of nutrition available at present such as enteral and parenteral nutrition support (Hark and Morrison, 2003). At this assessment only oral nutrition support (ONS) will be discussed. The aim of the nutrition support is to ensure an individual gets fair to middling energy, proteins, macronutrients and micronutrients to meet patients nutrition requirements (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010). Saunders, Smith and Stroud (2010) argued that provision of regular meals with better nutrition content, wide menu choice and assistant with feeding should be enough to meet nutrition requirement and reduce nutrition risk (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010).Numerous studies show that nutrition support could reverse weight loss, only if underlying healt h conditions under control (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010). However, not all patients react at the same way (Hickson, 2006). At what reasons care and treatment should take an account of individual needs and preferences (RCN and NPSA, 2009). In practice, knowledge of food preferences and past medical history, following personalised nutrition care plan, serving patients with small meals (Teo and Wynne, 2001) or using a small house could advertise service user to finish all meal.Currently some of the UKs hospitals commenced to use red tray scheme for serving the meals to patients. A purpose of using red trays is to alert hospital staff that patience with red tray is at nutrition risk and need assistance or supervision with diet intake (Bradley and Rees, 2003 see Davis, 2007).Protection of mealtime scheme is also widely spread head across the UK. The purpose of this scheme is to create an environment for hospital patients discontinue from hospital activities and unnecessary distu rbance during a mealtime. In addition, this scheme is to assist nursing staff with concentration on the meeting nutrition need of hospital patients (NS, 2007).People with Dementia could loss an ability to use cutting tool that could lead to weight loss and malnutrition. Providing those patients with available finger food could improve nutrition status (Alzheimers society, 2011).Teo and Wynne (2001) argued that the possible benefits from using energy supplements in elderly patients have received little or no evaluation in clinical practice (Teo and Wynne, 2001). However, during the study carried out by Volkert et al (1996), it was found that patients consuming food supplement while in-patience and 6 months in community have develop positive nutritional status compare to congregation of patients without food supplements (see Teo and Wynne, 2001). The author has come across the situation then GP has refused to prescribe food supplement to one of the patience and recommended full fat milk instead. In addition, during controlled trial for six months in patients who have been accomplish from hospital and prescribed ONS has no economic benefit. To compare, using ONS in community is be more than using ONS in hospitals (Elia et al., 2005).However, malnourished patients using could be at risk of re-feeding syndrome, which could results in death (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010). Re-feeding syndrome is associated with water computer storage leading to fluid overload due to decay of potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and sodium in blood plasma (Mallet, 2002). Saunders, Smith and Stroud (2010) recommended that during re-feeding saviour malnourished patients potassium, phosphate and magnesium should be prescribed and thiamine (for patients with history of alcohol excess) (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010).ConclusionThe UK elderly population is rising, currently about 16 per cent of the population is above 65 (Hickson, 2006) and by 2050 over 30 per cent European populati on will be over 60 which will result in prevalence of malnutrition to rise (European Nutrition for Health Alliance, 2005). many a(prenominal) changing associated with aging have been documented, however, how senescence leads to the health conditions, related to aging, is still unknown (Mitchell, 2003). It was found that ageing is leading to slow reduction of weight and modification in body composition. It is due to declines in bone, muscle mass and body cell mass. Bone mass reduced due to miserable intake of Calcium and inadequate exposure skin to the sunlight to encourage production of Vitamin D (Sahyoun, 2002). In general, people are gaining weight until they sixtieth birthday and after gradually reducing weight, usually 10 per cent between 70 and 80 (Mitchell, 2003). Weight loss related to aging and malnutrition should be indentified during initial nutrition assessment.In addition, community healthcare is confront many concerns. Firstly, malnutrition remains under-recognized pr oblem facing patients, their families and health professions (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010). Secondly, according to, Hark and Morrison (2003) argued that there are no single physical or biochemical screening tools could accurate predict the nutrition status in elderly (Hark and Morrison, 2003). Food prices are constantly rising and ONS are costing too much to the local PCT. In the authors opinion, providing service users with good quality food, offer choice of menu and snacks between meals are solution to constrict malnutrition.The significant role in education medical students and junior doctors in nutrition has widely recommended (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010). However, inadequate knowledge in nutrition of nursing and care staff could increase risk of malnutrition (Saunders, Smith and Stroud, 2010). In the authors care home nutrition in elderly is not mandatory training for the care staff. Following this assessment, the author will provide pertinent care staff with infor mation on the nutrition in elderly service users. This could be achieved through supervision sections and face-to-face talks. Moreover, there it is possible, elderly population and their families should be informed about the latest nutrition recommendations related to their age, lifestyle and health conditions and should encouraged to apply those recommendations to individuals lives (Sahyoun, 2002).

The Shipping News :: essays research papers

The Shipping new-fangledsIm tired of way out somewhere. I want to be thereThese words spoken by Bunny Quoyle, riding along with her family on their way to the old homestead in Killick Claw, New Foundland seems an exclamation to a deeper desire to settle what has been an unsealed and unhappy life. The quote could also define the transition that Quolyle, Bunnys father, experiences. Quoyle is nowhere it seems, until he finally arrives somewhere meaningful. The transformation is a potful about getting over the loss of his wife, petal, but also much about getting over him egotism as a loser and getting to a place of contentedness and confidence. Quoyles life rides on waves some small that are body-surfing-like, others that are bulky and tumultuous that crash inshore with Tsunami-like devastation. Eventually, he manages to find a place suitable and sustaining. Quoyle began life savouring, accept that he had been born into the wrong family that somehow he ended up with the wro ng parents. He stumbled into adulthood, feeling invisible until someone noticed. His lack of flirt with and confidence is evidenced by his always trying to hide his chin with his hand the hand always goes to the chin, his monstrous chin, when he feels threatened. His love for Petal is partly based on the fact that he caught her attention once, sort of by accident and that they had a meaningless sexual relationship that resulted in two children. He is the sort of character you feel sorry for from the start, feel badly that hell never become anybody, never make something of himself, save you want to cheer for him all along the way. As we get to hunch over Quoyle, we realize that although he has a negative self image, is always self conscious and has no confidence in his abilities, he has a huge heart and a huge capacity to love, and he especially has a huge consciousness to do what is right for his family. Quoyle is a man developing into himself. His first opportunity to grow comes by an invitation from his aunt to move to New Foundland, to settle in his familys ancestral home and to find his roots. You commode be anything you want with a fresh start,says his aunt in win over him to go. And off they all go the aunt, Quoyle, Bunny and Sunshine and all their self-collected demons.

Storms :: essays research papers

If you know where and when to look, you cantreat yourself to a colourful queer of atmospherichaloes, spots and pillars. These images can tell yousomething about the hides overhead and contingentchanges in the weather. All of these images arecreated by dismount shining done cirrostratus clouds.These clouds occur at an altitude of 6,000-12,000metres. They appear as a thin sheet or layer(strata) that is pure white. The layer of cloud is sothin (only 100-450 metres) that is doesnt obscurethe sun or moon, so you should be able to construeyour shadow. Cirrostratus is made of many typesof ice crystals. However, foursome crystal shapes areresponsible for producing to the highest degree of the commonlysee haloes-plate crystals, columns, capcolumns and bullets. The most obvious halo isfound around the sun. If the layer of cirrostratus isextensive, youll see an entire ring. Within the layerof cloud, sunlight is striking and spillage throughthe sides of randomly-oriented ice crystals. As thesunlight passes through each crystal, the lightchanges direction, or refracts. The radius of thehale depends on the amount of change in thedirection of the suns light. Usually this is 22degrees. Since the sun is 1/2 of a degree across,the radius of the halo is 44 sun-widths.Occasionally you may see a second halo at 46degrees from the sun (that is, with a radius of 92sun-widths). This is progress tod by sunlight passingthrough some(prenominal) the side and bottom of each crystal.Moonlight will also produce a halo, around themoon, with the proper layer of cirrostatus.Another common optic effect is known as "mocksuns" or "sun dogs" or "parhelia" (Greek for "withthe sun"). These bright spots on either side of thesun, distant of the halo, occur when sunlightpasses through the sides of capped columns,bullets and plate crystals, when these crystals are put with their sides vertical. The crystalswobble, diffusing and smearing the colours of themock sun. You can see haloes and mock sunsto a greater extent clearly if you block out your view of the realsun by holding your hand in front of it at armslength. Another spectactular opthalmic effect is thesolar pillar. This is a vertical shaft of light the analogouscolour as the sun stretching upwards from the sunand is most often seen at sunset or sunrise. Itsproduced by sunlight reflecting of the bum of plateand capped column crystals in the clouds.

The Genius of M.C. Escher Essay -- Biography

The Genius of M.C. EscherMathematics is the central element in many art pisss. While notions of infinity and parallel lines brought perspective to the aesthetical realm in creating realistic representations of depth and dimension, mathematics has influenced art in a more definite way by actually get art. The introduction of fractal geometry and tessellations as creative works spawned the creation of new and mod genres of art, which can be exemplified through the works of M.C Escher. Eschers pieces are among the to the highest degree recognized works of art today. While visually stimulating and late meaningful, his art reflects many ideas of mathematics through geometry, symmetry, and patterns. Maurits Cornelius Escher was born on June 17th, 1898 in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, the son of a civil engineer. A terrible student in high school, young Escher spent much of his free time mechanical drawing and sketching. His early interest in art, along with the wishes o f his father, influenced his decision to attend the enlighten of Architecture and Decorative Arts in Haarlem. At age 21, however, M.C. dropped protrude after two years of study to pursue independent work in the arts. Throughout a ten-year period, Escher traveled around Italy sketching impressions. Finding small-minded success and on the verge of poverty, Escher ventured to Spain in the late 1920s in search of novel inspiration, which he found in the abundant Moresque tilings there. It was also during this time that Eschers mathematical influences took shape, as he get wind Polyas 1924 paper on plane symmetry groups. Despite his mathematical inadequacies, Escher was able to understand and reproduce the 17 plane symmetry groups as described by Polya (M. C. Es... ...y, M.C. Eschers artworks are among the most widely recognized. His unchanged and intriguing pieces drive thousands of admirers to his exhibitions around the world. Incorporating numerous mathematica l concepts into his works, he elegantly demonstrated the distinct art and math relationship. Escher died on March 27th, 1972. However, his bequest lives on, along with controversy surrounding the question was Escher an artist or mathematician? whole works CitedEscher Centennial Celebration. WWW http//www.iproject.com/escher/escher100.html. 16 October 1999.Goode, Stephen. The Artist who Sketched out a Geometry of Imagination. Insight on the News 23 March 1998 39.M.C. Escher Artist or Mathematician? WWW http//library.advanced.org/11750. 16 October 1999. completely Tessellated. WWW http//library.advanced.org/16661. 17 October 1999.

The Impact of Different Life Crises :: Crises Crisis Death Life Essays

The Impact of Different Life CrisesStress and common annoyances are not crises. Situations that interfere with normal activity, inspire feelings of panic or defeat, and bring about deep emotional reactions are crises. A crisis is a turning point or a crucial time that will make a difference for better or worse. The Chinese word for crisis is made up of two characters -- one means despair and the other means opportunity. When a person experiences crisis, there will either be a detrimental outcome or a positive one. The direction of the outcome depends on a number of factors such as -- physical and emotional wellness of the individual, support from others, childhood upbringing, past experience with similar situations, and the duration of the crisis situation. I propose to focus specifically on the animation crises with which the venerable universe faces, notably the loss of a spouse or companion, retirement, and contending with a term illness. Through examining the latter crises an d their potential to influence the health of an elderly individual, I expect to learn of means by which the elderly may nominate way to in order not to become overwhelmed with the changes. Different spirit crises have different impacts. In many cases, however, it may be doable to anticipate crises and prepare for them. It may also be useful to fare the impact of crises that have occurred so that one raise take cast of them appropriately. Holmes and Rahe with the Social Readjustment Scale have done some in truth interesting work in this area. This allocates a number of Life Crisis Units to different events, so that one can evaluate them and take action accordingly (Niven 99). firearm this approach is obviously a simplification of complex situations, using LCUs can give one a useful start in adjusting to life crises. With regards to the elderly population, namely the events death of a spouse, personal illness or injury, and retirement rate 100, 53, and 45 LCUs respectively. One of the most powerful stressors in ones life, sidetrackicularly in the elderly population, is the loss of a loved one or a close relationship through the death of a spouse or companion. In the two years following bereavement, widowed people are more(prenominal) susceptible to illness and physical ailments, and their mortality rate is higher than expected. strip people may be vulnerable to illness in part because, feeling unhappy, they do not sleep well, they stop eating properly, and they sop up more drugs and cigarettes.

The Civil war Essays -- essays research papers

The Civil WarIn the join States, the grey states economies were mainly base on agriculture, but not any normal kind of agriculture, they were found on the agriculture of slave labor. Slavery was deeply ingrained in the culture, so a great deal that only a fight could stop it. This war was a gruesome war, made far worse because of the advent of ripe rifles, combined with an ignorance of advanced military tactics and lack of medical knowledge. At the condemnation, the method common method of warfare was to line up on a big field and stand up and then shoot. The time that the war occurred was pre-germ theory, methods of antiseptics were unknown. This made it so that great damage would be inflicted upon a person, but there would be no way to properly recruit treat it. This combination of factors made this war a particularly fucking(a) and devastating one.A main factor of this war was that the social entrenchment of slavery ran particularly deep. The institution of slavery had been in place since the primary colonies were established in the Americas. Early in American history, when the Constitution of the United States was drafted, slavery was also part of the institution. The southern states wouldnt have formalize the Cons if slavery were outlawed. The Constitution of the United States was held to be the most holy of documents regarding law. in time even these high principled large number and educated and sophisticated hierarchs that approve and created the reputation left grievous discrepancies that later cause a terribly bloody war. If they had taken a exit stance on anti-slavery, the southern states would never have joined the Union. They discretely mentioned slavery in three diametrical sections, but never out right say that it is legal, or illegal. It gave people the right to sue against slavery. And that put doubt (whether they should be in the union) and idolise into southern slaveholders hearts. This fear and suspicion was only deepened by the growing abolitionist movement, and gin. The cotton gin was of particular importance because much more cotton could be processed. That meant that more acreage could be deep-seated and harvested. This created a huge increase in the am... ...vernment of Great Britain to have force destructive of these ends, the declared the colonies are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown. By that argument they are saying that it has all been done before, look, you yourself did it, so dont be unjust and let us lead away(predicate) like you did.The citizens South Carolina were feeling that they had been violated and abused by the breaking of a viable contract. The northern states were trying to take away their inalienable rights, and they would stand for it. President Lincoln seek to make it clear that I hold that, in contemplation of universal law and of the constitution of the Union of these States is perpetual. South Carolina and all of the other southern states simply did not listen. Lincoln tried to talk sense into them, counter arguing their every(prenominal) point but they would not take any middle ground, as they felt they had already tried that. When it came down to fighting, Lincoln had the high lesson ground, and not only that, the larger, more advanced, and better equipped armies. Lincoln tried to not push the point but he was forced to drive to keep the union together by any means necessary.