Linguistics and Language Essay

spoken address Comprehension phrase Production Language Acquisition Psycholinguistics is a branch of cognitive science What will be cover in this class? How do we mystify and recognize destination? How do we grasp nomenclature, letters, and denounces? How do we notice and rec altogether tuition from texts? How lowlife we improve texts to make them easier to go bring out? How does the brain function to work on vocabulary? What are the causes and effects of reading disabilities?Is in that respect oral communication in some different species? primaeval themes in psycholinguistics 1) What cognition of speech is needful for us to use language? implicit (implicit) familiarity vs. Explicit companionship level-headedless knowledge of how to perform something, unless not aware of full rules explicit knowledge of the processes of mechanisms in performing that thing 2) What cognitive processes are involved in the unremarkable use of language? How do we get wind a lecture, read a book, mark a conversation? Cognitive processes perception, memory, thinking, tuition Some definitions of basic components of language Semantics The substance of nomenclature and declaresSyntax The grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence or phrase Phonology The live pattern of language Pragmatics How language is utilize in a social place alineting Examples from psycholinguistics Parsing garden path sentences The novice accepted the deal before he had a chance to check his finances, which barf him in a state of conflict when he realized he had a slap-up flush. 1) The defendant examined by the lawyer off-key out to be unreliable 2) The say examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable The process of parsing is the process of making decisions The effect of prior knowledge on comprehensionThe subprogram is in truth quite simple. First you arrange things into contrasting groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient depending on how much in that respect is to do. If you put one over to go somewhere else repayable to lack of facilities, that is the next step otherwise you are pretty well set. It is classical not to overdo things. That is, it is better to do too few things at formerly than too galore(postnominal). In the short obtain this may not elatem important, only complications can easily arise. A drop away can be expensive as well. At first the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon, however, it will reverse just another facet of life.It is severe to foresee any end to the essential for this task in the immediate future, provided then one never can dissever. After the procedure is completed, one arranges the materials into assorted groups again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventu ally they will be used once more, and the whole oscillation will then have to be repeated. However, that is part of life. Bransford &amp Johnson, 1973 consider No context 2. 8 estimate units out of a maximum of 18 Context afterwards 2. 7 intellection units Context before 5. 8 nous units Child language development How many words do you know? pencil lead Dictionary has about 450,000 entries Test highschool school graduates How many words do they know? About 45,000 english words About 60,000 including names and foreign words The average six year archaic knows about 13,000 words. Learning about 10 words per day since age 1. (One all(prenominal) 90 minutes) How much do we have to teach tiddlerren to learn language? Do you have to teach a child to walk? Is it the same way of learning a language? My teacher holded the cosset rabbits and we patted them I eated my dinner A abbreviated history of psycholinguistics Wilhem Wundt (early 1900s) Interest in psychic processes of language productionSentence as the primary unit of language saving production is the transformation of complete impression processes into sequentially organized speech segments. beha vioristic psychology (1920s-1950s) Rejected the focus on psychogenic processes Measurement found on accusing behavior (primarily in lab animals) How does realize (reward and avengement) shape behavior? B. F. Skinner Children learn language through shaping ( veraciousion of speech errors) Associative chain theory A sentence consists of a chain of associations amongst individual words in the sentence Whats wrong with the behaviorist set out?Noam Chomsky (1950s present) 1) Colorless green ideas sleep furiously 2) Furiously sleep ideas green colorless. 3) George picked up the baby 4) George picked the baby up. Almost every sentence uttered is a newborn combination of words The Poverty of stimulant drug argument There is not bountiful information in the language samples disposed(p) to children to account for the richnes and complexity of childrens language The pattern of development is not found on parental speech but on innate language knowledge linguisti c Diversity vs. Linguistic Universals Linguistic diversity There appears to be a lot of diversity among languagesEven deep d avouch languages there is diversity When are 2 languages different? We babble out the same language if we can understand each other Exceptions Norwegian and Swedish Cantonese and Mandarin Dialects deep down languages The myth of pure language How/ wherefore do languages change? Why does there seem to be a correct English? Members of the dominant (most powerful) sub-culture flow to speak one dialect and may punish those who do not Linguistic superpatriotism Belief that ones own language/dialect is the best of all possible languages Black English chamfer (BEV) Study by William Labov Interviewed African-American track youthYou know, like some battalion say if youre thoroughly an sh*t, your temper goin theaven . . . n if you bad, your olfaction goin to hell. Well, bullsh*t Your spirit goin to hell anyway, good or bad. Why? Why? Ill tell you why. Cause , you see, doesn nobody really know that its a God, yknow, cause I mean I have seen contraband gods, white gods, all color gods, and adoptt nobody know its really a God. An when they be sayin if you good, you goin theaven, thas bullsh*t, cause you aint goin to no heaven, cause it aint no heaven for you to go to. rig holders There vs. It in the copulacopulative Is, Was optional Negatives You aint goin to no heaven BEV just as linguistically complex as Standard American English We dont see/understand the complexity in other languages Moral altogether languages seem to permission as wide range of expressions as others Linguistic Universals What is in common with all languages? Sentences are built from words based on the same physiological processes All languages have words All existence have ways of making sounds. Languages tend to use a small set of phonemic sounds Phoneme The minimal unit of sound that contributes to meaning How many phonemes in a language?English 40 pho nemes cast Polynesian 11 to Khoisan 141 Discreteness Messages in human language (e. g. speech sounds) are made up of units of which there is a discrete ( hold in) number Arbitrariness The race between meaningful elements in language and their denotation is independent of any physical resemblance between the two. Words do not have to look or sound like what they describe receptiveness New linguistic messages are created freely and easily Languages are not constrain in a way so that there are a limited number of messages that can be created.